"Make breakfast" au "do breakfast"? "Make a decision" au "do a decision"? Ikiwa huna uhakika, uko katika kampuni nzuri — make na do ni mojawapo ya jozi za vitenzi zinazochanganywa zaidi kwa Kiingereza. Lugha nyingi zinaziunganisha katika kitenzi kimoja (Kihispania hacer, Kireno fazer, Kifaransa faire, Kiitaliano fare, Kipolishi robić, Kijerumani machen/tun). Kiingereza kinazitenganisha, na inakubidi kujifunza mstari uko wapi.
Habari njema: kuna kanuni inayokufikisha 80%. 20% iliyobaki unakariri tu.
Kanuni inayokufikisha 80%
- Do = kitendo chenyewe. Cha kufikirika, cha kawaida, au kazi ya jumla. Hakuna kitu kipya baadaye.
- Make = unda matokeo. Kitu kipya kipo duniani baada ya kumaliza.
| Do (kitendo) | Make (matokeo) |
|---|---|
| do homework | make a sandwich |
| do exercise | make a phone call |
| do business | make money |
| do the laundry | make a decision |
| do research | make a mistake |
Jaribio la kiakili
Jiulize: baada ya kumaliza, je, kuna kitu ambacho hakikuwepo hapo awali?
- "Make a cake" → sasa kuna keki. → make.
- "Do the dishes" → hakuna kitu kipya; ulisafisha kile kilichokuwepo. → do.
- "Make noise" → kelele haikuwepo hapo awali; sasa ipo. → make.
- "Do business" → biashara ni shughuli, si kitu kipya. → do.
Ikiwa unaweza kuonyesha matokeo, lenga make. Ikiwa ni shughuli tu, lenga do.
20% inayobidi ukariri
Kanuni inavunjika kwa misemo iliyobandikwa. "Make a phone call" — matokeo ni nini? Simu iliyoisha? Ni nahau tu. Sawa na "do the dishes" — ungeweza kusema make them clean, lakini Kiingereza kilichagua do. Hizi ni mwambatano: jozi za maneno zinazoenda pamoja tu. Wazungumzaji wa asili walijifunza kama kitengo kimoja, si kwa kutumia kanuni.
Utafanya hivyo hivyo. Kundi, zoeza, rudia.
Misemo ya kukariri
Funga mwambatano huu wa do:
| Maisha ya kila siku | Kazi | Nyingine |
|---|---|---|
| do homework | do business | do harm |
| do the dishes | do a job | do good |
| do the laundry | do the work | do your best |
| do exercise | do research | do a favor |
| do the cleaning | do a project | do nothing |
| do the cooking | do a course | do well / badly |
Funga mwambatano huu wa make:
| Maamuzi na mawazo | Mawasiliano | Pesa na makosa |
|---|---|---|
| make a decision | make a phone call | make money |
| make a choice | make an announcement | make a profit |
| make a plan | make a complaint | make a mistake |
| make progress | make a suggestion | make a loss |
| make sense | make a comment | make an effort |
| make sure | make a speech | make trouble |
| make up your mind | make a noise | make friends |
Makosa 5 ambayo lugha yako ya kwanza inaweza kusababisha
Wazungumzaji wa lugha za Romance na Slavic wanazalisha sentensi mbaya zile zile. Angalia hizi:
- Kihispania / Kireno (hacer / fazer): "I want to do a question." → Inapaswa kuwa: "I want to ask a question." (Kiingereza kinatumia kitenzi tofauti kabisa hapa.)
- Kifaransa (faire): "I will make my homework." → Inapaswa kuwa: "I will do my homework."
- Kiitaliano (fare): "She made a course in Paris." → Inapaswa kuwa: "She took a course." (Au "did a course," matumizi ya Uingereza.)
- Kipolishi (robić): "He does a mistake." → Inapaswa kuwa: "He makes a mistake."
- Kijerumani (machen): "I will make sport." → Inapaswa kuwa: "I will do sport." (Au "play sport," "exercise.")
Jichunguze: jaza pengo 12
Jaza make au do (tumia muda sahihi). Jaribu kila moja kabla ya kufunua.
- I need to ___ my homework before dinner.
- She ___ a great cake yesterday.
- Did you ___ a decision yet?
- He ___ the dishes every night.
- I ___ a mistake on the test.
- They ___ a lot of money last year.
- Please ___ your best.
- Don't ___ noise in the library.
- We ___ a plan for the weekend.
- She always ___ the cooking.
- He ___ a phone call to his mother.
- I'll ___ exercise after work.
10–12 sahihi: umepata. 7–9 sahihi: soma kanuni tena. Chini ya 7: jenga orodha yako ya mwambatano na pitia kila wiki hadi vikae.
Mfumo ule ule wa uhamisho wa lugha-ya-kwanza unaonekana katika say vs tell — vyote ni matatizo safi ya mwambatano ambapo wazungumzaji wa lugha za Romance na Slavic wanapendelea kitenzi cha Kiingereza kibaya.