是 "make breakfast" 还是 "do breakfast"?是 "make a decision" 还是 "do a decision"?如果你拿不准,那你不孤单——make 和 do 是英语里最容易混淆的动词之一。大多数语言把这两个意思塞进同一个动词里(西班牙语 hacer、葡萄牙语 fazer、法语 faire、意大利语 fare、波兰语 robić、德语 machen/tun)。英语把它们拆开了,你必须搞清楚分界线在哪里。
好消息是:有一条规则能帮你搞定 80% 的情况。剩下的 20% 只能背。
帮你搞定 80% 的规则
- Do = 动作本身。抽象的、日常的、笼统的事情。后面不会冒出新的东西。
- Make = 创造一个结果。做完之后,世界上多了一样新东西。
| Do(动作) | Make(结果) |
|---|---|
| do homework | make a sandwich |
| do exercise | make a phone call |
| do business | make money |
| do the laundry | make a decision |
| do research | make a mistake |
心里的判断方法
问自己:做完之后,是不是多了一个之前没有的东西?
- "Make a cake" → 现在多了一个蛋糕。→ make。
- "Do the dishes" → 没有新东西;你只是把已有的洗干净了。→ do。
- "Make noise" → 之前没声音;现在有了。→ make。
- "Do business" → 生意是一种活动,不是新对象。→ do。
如果你能指出一个"结果",倾向 make。如果只是活动本身,倾向 do。
必须死记的那 20%
这条规则在固定表达上会失灵。"Make a phone call"——结果是什么?一个挂掉的电话?这就是个习语。"Do the dishes" 也一样——你也可以说你是把它们 make 干净了,但英语就是选了 do。这些叫搭配(collocations):天生就要待在一起的词组。母语者是当成一整块学下来的,不是套规则推出来的。
你也得这么做。归类、操练、重复。
必背搭配
牢牢记住这些 do 搭配:
| 日常生活 | 工作 | 其他 |
|---|---|---|
| do homework | do business | do harm |
| do the dishes | do a job | do good |
| do the laundry | do the work | do your best |
| do exercise | do research | do a favor |
| do the cleaning | do a project | do nothing |
| do the cooking | do a course | do well / badly |
牢牢记住这些 make 搭配:
| 决定与想法 | 沟通表达 | 金钱与错误 |
|---|---|---|
| make a decision | make a phone call | make money |
| make a choice | make an announcement | make a profit |
| make a plan | make a complaint | make a mistake |
| make progress | make a suggestion | make a loss |
| make sense | make a comment | make an effort |
| make sure | make a speech | make trouble |
| make up your mind | make a noise | make friends |
母语干扰造成的 5 类典型错误
罗曼语和斯拉夫语母语者会犯一模一样的错。提防这些:
- 西班牙语 / 葡萄牙语(hacer / fazer):"I want to do a question." → 错。应该是:"I want to ask a question."(英语在这里干脆换了一个动词。)
- 法语(faire):"I will make my homework." → 错。应该是:"I will do my homework."
- 意大利语(fare):"She made a course in Paris." → 错。应该是:"She took a course."(在英式英语里也可以说 "did a course"。)
- 波兰语(robić):"He does a mistake." → 错。应该是:"He makes a mistake."
- 德语(machen):"I will make sport." → 错。应该是:"I will do sport."(或 "play sport"、"exercise"。)
自测:12 题填空
填入 make 或 do(用正确的时态)。先自己试一试,再显示答案。
- I need to ___ my homework before dinner.
- She ___ a great cake yesterday.
- Did you ___ a decision yet?
- He ___ the dishes every night.
- I ___ a mistake on the test.
- They ___ a lot of money last year.
- Please ___ your best.
- Don't ___ noise in the library.
- We ___ a plan for the weekend.
- She always ___ the cooking.
- He ___ a phone call to his mother.
- I'll ___ exercise after work.
对 10–12 题:你掌握了。对 7–9 题:回去重读规则。低于 7 题:把搭配表整理出来,每周复习,直到牢牢记住。